Parser parameters

A parser is defined by a sequence of stages, and a set of global options:

stages=[
    stage1,
    stage2,
],
corpusfmt='...',
traincorpus=dict(...),
testcorpus=dict(...),
binarization=dict(...),
key1=val1,
key2=val2,

The parameters consist of a Python expression surrounded by an implicit 'dict(' and ')'. Note that each key=value is separated by a comma.

Corpora

corpusfmt:

The corpus format; choices:

'export':Negra export format 'bracket':Penn treebank style bracketed trees. 'discbracket':Bracketed parse trees with numeric indices and words of sentence specified separately. 'alpino':Alpino XML format 'tiger':Tiger XML format

traincorpus:

a dictionary with the following keys:

path:filename of training corpus; may include wildcards / globbing characters * and ?. encoding:encoding of training corpus (defaults to 'utf-8') maxwords:maximum sentence length to base grammar on numsents:number of sentence to use from training corpus

testcorpus:

a dictionary with the following keys:

path:filename of test corpus (may be same as traincorpus, set skiptrain to True in that case). encoding:encoding of test corpus (defaults to 'utf-8') maxwords:maximum sentence length to parse from test set numsents:number of sentences to parse skiptrain:when training & test corpus are from same file, start reading test set after training set sentences skip:number of (additional) sentences to skip before test corpus starts

Binarization

binarization:

a dictionary with the following keys:

method:

Binarization method; choices:

None:Treebank is already binarized. 'default':basic binarization (recommended). 'optimal':binarization which optimizes for lowest fan-out or parsing complexity. 'optimalhead':like optimal, but only considers head-driven binarizations.

factor:

'left' or 'right'. The direction of binarization when using default.

headrules:

file with rules for finding heads of constituents

markhead:

whether to prepend head to siblings labels

v:

vertical markovization context; default 1; 2 means 1 extra level of parent annotation.

h:

horizontal markovization context

revh:

horizontal markovization context preceding child being generated

leftmostunary:

whether to start binarization with unary node

rightmostunary:

whether to end binarization with unary node

tailmarker:

with headrules, head is last node and can be marked

markovthreshold:  

reduce horizontal markovization threshold of auxiliary labels with a frequency lower than this threshold.

fanout_marks_before_bin:  

whether to add fanout markers before binarization

labelfun:

specify a function from nodes to labels; can be used to change how labels appear in markovization, e.g., to strip of annotations.

Stages

Through the use of stages it is possible to run multiple parsers on the same test set, or to exploit coarse-to-fine pruning.

A stage has the form:

dict(
    key1=val1,
    key2=val2,
    ...
)

Where the keys and values are:

name:

identifier, used for filenames

mode:

The type of parser to use

'pcfg':CKY parser 'plcfrs':use the agenda-based PLCFRS parser 'pcfg-bitpar-nbest':  Use external bitpar parser. Produces n-best list (up to n=1000) without producing a parse forest; works with non-binarized grammars (experimental). 'pcfg-bitpar-forest':  Use external bitpar parser (experimental). 'dop-rerank':Rerank parse trees from previous stage with DOP reduction (experimental).

prune:

specify the name of a previous stage to enable coarse-to-fine pruning.

split:

split disc. nodes VP_2[101] as { VP*[100], VP*[001] }

splitprune:

treat VP_2[101] as {VP*[100], VP*[001]} for pruning

markorigin:

mark origin of split nodes: VP_2 => {VP*1, VP*2}

k:

pruning parameter:

k=0:filter only (only prune items that do not lead to a complete derivation) 0 < k < 1:posterior threshold for inside-outside probabilities k > 1:no. of coarse pcfg derivations to prune with

kbest:

extract m-best derivations from chart

sample:

sample m derivations from chart

m:

number of derivations to sample / enumerate.

binarized:

when using mode='pcfg-bitpar-nbest', this option can be set to False, to disable the two auxiliary binarizations needed for Double-DOP. This enables bitpar to do the binarization internally, which is more efficient.

dop:

enable DOP mode:

None:Extract treebank grammar 'reduction':DOP reduction (Goodman 1996, 2003) 'doubledop':Double DOP (Sangti & Zuidema 2011) 'dop1':DOP1 (Bod 1992)

estimator:

DOP estimator. Choices:

'rfe':relative frequencies. 'ewe':equal weights estimate; relative frequencies with correction factor to remove bias for larger fragments; useful with DOP reduction. 'bon':Bonnema estimator; another correction factor approach.

objective:

Objective function to choose DOP parse tree. Choices:

'mpp':Most Probable Parse. Marginalizes over multiple derivations. 'mpd':Most Probable Derivation. 'mcc':Maximum Constituents Parse (Goodman 1996); approximation as in Sangati & Zuidema (2011); experimental. 'shortest':Most Probable Shortest Derivation; i.e., shortest derivation (with minimal number of fragments), where ties are broken using probabilities specified by estimator. 'sl-dop':Simplicity-Likelihood. Simplest Tree from the n most Likely trees. 'sl-dop-simple':  An approximation which does not require parsing the sentence twice.

sldop_n:

When using sl-dop or sl-dop-simple, number of most likely parse trees to consider.

maxdepth:

with 'dop1', the maximum depth of fragments to extract; with 'doubledop', likewise but applying to the non-recurring/non-maximal fragments extracted to augment the set of recurring fragments.

maxfrontier:

with 'dop1', the maximum number of frontier non-terminals in extracted fragments; with 'doubledop', likewise but applying to the non-recurring/non-maximal fragments extracted to augment the set of recurring fragments.

collapse:

apply a multilevel coarse-to-fine preset. values are of the form ('treebank', level); e.g., ('ptb', 0) for the coarsest level of the Penn treebank. For the presets, see source of discodop.treebanktransforms.MAPPINGS. Include a stage for each of the collapse-levels in ascending order (0, 1, and 2 in the current presets), and then add a stage where labels are not collapsed.

packedgraph:

use packed graph encoding for DOP reduction

iterate:

for Double-DOP, whether to add fragments of fragments

complement:

for Double-DOP, whether to include fragments which form the complement of the maximal recurring fragments extracted

neverblockre:

do not prune nodes with label that match this regex

estimates:

compute, store & use context-summary (outside) estimates

beam_beta:

beam pruning factor, between 0 and 1; 1 to disable. if enabled, new constituents must have a larger probability than the probability of the best constituent in a cell multiplied by this factor; i.e., a smaller value implies less pruning. Suggested value: 1e-4.

beam_delta:

if beam pruning is enabled, only apply it to spans up to this length.

Other options

evalparam:

EVALB-style parameter file to use for reporting F-scores

postagging:

To disable POS tagging and use the gold POS tags from the test set, set this to None. Otherwise, pass a dictionary with the keys below; for details, see discodop.lexicon

method:

one of:

'unknownword':incorporate unknown word model in grammar 'stanford':use external Stanford tagger 'treetagger':use external tagger 'treetagger' 'frog':use external tagger ‘frog’ for Dutch; produces CGN tags, use morphology=’replace’.

model:

with ‘unknownword’, one of:  

'4':Stanford model 4; language agnostic '6':Stanford model 6, for the English Penn treebank 'base':Stanford ‘base’ model; language agnostic 'ftb':Stanford model 2 for French treebank

with external taggers:  

filename of tagger model (not applicable to ‘frog’)

retag:

if True, re-tag the training corpus using the external tagger.

unknownthreshold:  

use probabilities of words that occur this number of times or less for unknown words

openclassthreshold:  

add unseen tags for known words when tag rewrites at least this number of words. 0 to disable.

simplelexsmooth:  

enable/disable sophisticated smoothing (untested)

punct:

one of ...

None:leave punctuation as is. 'move':move punctuation to appropriate constituents using heuristics. 'moveall':same as ‘move’, but moves all preterminals under root, instead of only recognized punctuation. 'prune':prune away leading & ending quotes & periods, then move. 'remove':eliminate punctuation. 'root':attach punctuation directly to root (as in original Negra/Tiger treebanks).

functions:

one of ...

None:leave syntactic labels as is. 'add':concatenate grammatical function to syntactic label, separated by a hypen: e.g., NP => NP-SBJ 'remove':strip away hyphen-separated grammatical function, e.g., NP-SBJ => NP 'replace':replace syntactic label with grammatical function, e.g., NP => SBJ

morphology:

one of ...

None:use POS tags as preterminals 'add':concatenate morphological information to POS tags, e.g., DET/sg.def 'replace':use morphological information as preterminal label 'between':add node with morphological information between POS tag and word, e.g., (DET (sg.def the))

lemmas:

one of ...

None:ignore lemmas 'between':insert lemma as node between POS tag and word.

removeempty:

True or False; whether to remove empty terminals from train, test sets.

ensureroot:

Ensure every tree has a root node with this label

transformations:  

Apply specific treebank transforms; available presets: negra, wsj, alpino, green2013ftb, km2003wsj, km2003simple, fraser2013tiger, lassy, lassy-func For details cf. source of discodop.treebanktransforms module.

relationalrealizational:  

apply RR-transform; see discodop.treebanktransforms.rrtransform()

verbosity:

control the amount of output to console; a logfile output.log is also kept with a fixed log level of 2.

0:silent 1:summary report 2:per sentence results 3:dump derivations/parse trees 4:dump chart

numproc:

default 1; increase to use multiple CPUs; None: use all CPUs.